Essay about A Withering Rose inWilliam Faulkner’s, A Rose...

William Faulkner’s, A Rose For Emily, encompasses various themes, but the theme most prevalent in the short story is decay. Time waits for no one, and for Miss Emily Grierson, time left her behind. A Rose For Emily depicts the motionless decay of a woman stuck in time, as her concept of reality is lost. Throughout the story Faulkner characterizes Emily and the atmosphere around her as addled and withered. In the short story, A Rose For Emily, by William Faulkner, a woman is ultimately overcome by grief and in turn loses all conception of reality, becoming lost in her own world that is fading with her. Miss Emily’s erratic behavior first surfaced after her father’s death. Possibly brought on by grief, but better explained as insanity, Miss†¦show more content†¦Murdering Mr. Barron set Emily in a continuous depart from reality, one that she could never recover from. Miss Emily’s insanity mixed with her loss of reality explains why her and her surroundings began to decay. Miss Emily is compared to her house in many ways. Descriptions of the decaying house symbolized Miss Emily’s emotional and physical decay. Faulkner’s choice of descriptive words ties emphatically into the theme through which Emily threads, herself emblematic of the effects of time. Before her father’s death the house was â€Å"white, decorated with cupolas and spires† (681). This symbolism ties in directly with Emily’s appearance. In her youth Emily was a â€Å"slender figure in white† (683), and she was of high social class of which no man was good enough. After her fathers death Emily’s physical traits deteriorate as well as the houses. Described as, â€Å"smelling of dust and disuse† and filled with â€Å"shadows† (686), the house illustrates the change that has taken place in Miss Emily’s physical and emotional life. In Emily’s later life she is described as â€Å"small, fat woman in black† and a voice that was â€Å"harsh and rusty† (682). Ultimately when Emily died the house was seen as an â€Å"eyesore among eyesores† (681). The characterization Faulkner chose for the house played as a mirror of Emily, as she grew older and further from reality, so did the house. William Faulkner portrayed many themes in â€Å"A Rose For Emily,† however the theme of decay

Media Landscape in the World Free Essays

Media Landscape in the World The New Modern Media October 12, 2012 The New Modern Media Watching TV while having morning coffee, listening radio on the way to work, checking Facebook before work, tweeting in the lunch break, and googling information related to work; that is the way the new modern media has changed our lives. To understand the term modern media more, Debashis Aikat(n. d. We will write a custom essay sample on Media Landscape in the World or any similar topic only for you Order Now ), Associate Professor and Media Futurist, has come up with a definition, â€Å"Modern media refers to mass communication characteristic of recent times, or the contemporary communication relating to a recently developed or advanced technology(Aikat, n. . )† So that basically means that modern media is the media which is connected to new technologies. Nowadays that is so easy to access different kinds of modern media; however, this new type of media continuously excludes different groups of people. We are used to say that is so easy to access the internet. Just take your computer, tablet, or Smartphone and you are connected. Wait! How many people are not able to do that? To have the connection, the basic thing we need is electricity. We need to charge all of the devices in order to use them. According to a newspaper Arabia 2000, in the year 2011 about 20 percent of world’s population still lived without electricity(Arabia 2000, 2011). So these people are totally excluded from the modern media. Actually, the number is even bigger. Because electricity is just the basic thing we need. But there are people who have electricity, but they cannot afford the devices to be connected to internet. Some could argue that all kind of media cost, and old media is even more expensive because, for instance, newspapers do not have that much of information but cost almost a dollar a day. There is a difference if you have to pay a dollar whenever you decide to have a newspaper or you have to spend a few hundred dollars for device, and then you have to get the internet connection, and of course pay for electricity. Not only people with a low income are excluded from access to new media. Age and religion can be the reason why people stick to old media as well. If I ask my grandma to turn off my computer, she would get scared because she would see that computer is not connected to electricity but still works. She is used to see calculator which has to be connected to electricity. There are many older people who have no ideas how to use new devices. Martin Beckford(2011), the journalist of the news website â€Å"The Telegraph† in his article writes, â€Å"A charity report found that older people have trouble getting information about public services, such as details of libraries and public transport, because so much of it is kept online(Beckfors, 2011). † This article truly shows that because of the changes in media older people are isolated from the world. People could say that when the next generation gets old, that is not going to be a problem anymore. I do not agree with that. Technology changes even faster than people get older. These are the people who do not know how to use devices, but there are also people whose believes do not allow using new technology. For example, in some places in the world we can still find groups of people called Amish people. These people do not use new technologies at all. The reason is their religion and believes. It is not expensive to reach people by using media as long as they share the same characteristics. For example, that is not hard to get some information if you speak English, Russian, or French. But if information needs to be translated in the language which is not that popular, companies are not willing to spend money for that. So let’s look at the country called Latvia: small country with a few million people, and with their own language. Recently â€Å"The National Latvian News Agency LETA† posted the article about the findings of scientists’ group called â€Å"META-NET† which is made by 60 research centers in 34 countries. Findings showed that Latvian language with other 20 European languages are going to disappear because of the fact that new devices are not supporting these languages(LETA, 2012). That means that if you do not know other, more popular, language you cannot chose the Smartphone you want. Or you have to learn the language, but that takes time, and modern media is not waiting, it is already here. In brief, world is changing so does media. The new media allows to reach people in a very fast way, but there are still groups of people who would not get the message. It is connecting billions of people and the same time forgetting billions of people. After my research I strongly believe that my theses statement in proved, and the new modern media is excluding people with different languages, believes, ages, and financial levels. References Aikat D. , (n. d). Traditional and Modern Media. Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems. Retrieved from: http://www. eolss. net/Sample-Chapters/C04/E6-33-02-04. pdf Beckford M. , (2011). Elderly People Isolated by Technological Advances. The Telegraph. Retrieved from: http://www. telegraph. co. uk/health/elderhealth/8867767/Elderly-people-isolated-by-technological-advances. html# Latviesu Valodai Draud â€Å"Digitala Izmirsana† [Latvian Language Is About to Disappear], (2012). Latvian National News Agency LETA. Retrieved from: http://www. tvnet. lv/tehnologijas/zinatnes/437469-latviesu_valodai_draud_digitala_izmirsana UN: 1. 6 billion People Still Have No Access to Electricity. (2011). Arabia 2000. Available from: Newspaper Source, Ipswich, MA. How to cite Media Landscape in the World, Essay examples

Theories of Positive Psychology Program †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Theories of Positive Psychology Program Management. Answer: Introduction: Heather is a 20 years-old university student who has an intense fear of speaking to people she does not know. She isolated herself from the other students during her first and second year by choosing subjects that involved mass numbers. Heather could hide at the back of the big lecture halls during class. She was a brilliant student who performed well in all of her subjects. Heather has a fear of socializing that stems from the fear of being judged negatively. The dread of socializing with other students in her third year makes her want to drop out of the university. Heather is likely suffering from Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) management. The disorder is characterized by symptoms such as the inability to freely relate with others, limited communication and repetitive forms of behavior. People suffering from this disorder tend to have a high IQ and are usually sensitive about their reputation, and they also suffer from insomnia. Heathers fear of interaction and socializing with other students, fear of embarrassing herself in front of other students, lack of participation in class and peer discussion and her lack of sleep all constitutes symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder, as per the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental illness (DSM-5). Heather performs well in her classes, but she is considering dropping out of the university due to the intense fear actively interacting with other students and being engaged in group participation. For heathers condition to be classified as a psychological disorder, the DSM-5 requires that the particular symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder must affect her social life. Heathers behavior has adverse effects especially to herself; she is unable to form social ties with her peers. She lacks critical communication skills necessary as a student due to her limited contact with others. She considers dropping out of school because she feels alone and has no one to consult. Theres no actual cure for Autism Spectrum Disorder therefor after Heather is diagnosed with the disorder she is required to undertake therapeutics sessions that involve a combination of therapies. One of the treatments to be applied in Heather's scenario is group therapy. The treatment includes a couple of therapists who conduct sessions to their patient. Group therapy is performed in groups, that is, patients who require this treatment sit in a group and share their experiences. Group therapy suits patients with Autism Spectrum Disorder since it allows them to freely interact with the group members through socialization and the regular talks and listening, this will help them overcome their fear of socialization and participation. The diversity in the group also boost their personality and confidence to communicate with strangers ("Psychotherapy: Understanding group therapy," 2017) Cognitive Behavioral Therapy can be applied in treating the disorder. The treatments fundamental proposition is that distorted thinking results in distress while rational thinking produces less negativity (Kathleen, 2017). CBT works by changing the behaviors that lead to adverse outcomes. People with Autism Spectrum disorder suffer from emotional problems. Their thinking is negative, and their perception of others adds to the negativity. The dread of to be negatively judged causes lack of formation of social ties which hinders social integration. CBT focuses on the present beliefs of the patients. The treatment has a particular skill that identifies and rectify distorted thoughts and teaches the patients how to relate with others in different ways. CBT will help patients with Autism Spectrum disorder change their perceptions; it helps the patients understand that not everyone is cruel. The therapy treatment helps raise the patients self-esteem. The cognitive behavioral therapy will help boost one's self-esteem and assist them to develop a positive thinking. The elimination of the thought and fear of being criticized and judged by others will assist them to be active in participating in group therapies that will involve interaction and sharing of life experiences. Being confident and the elimination of negativity will improve participation in group therapies. The advertisement is about discouraging people from smoking. It provides the reason why one should stop smoking today and the health effects of smoking. The image in the ad provides what happens to your body and your health, for instance, smoking causes lung cancer, heart disease, diabetes and liver cancer. The announcement also explains changes that occur in your body within minutes, hours, days and even years after you smoke your last cigarette. The publication is designed to modify the smokers behavior by exposing them to the adverse effects of smoking. These side effects will contribute in changing their attitude towards cigarettes, smoking, and smokers. The advertisement will persuade people to change their behavior and start living healthy by quitting smoking. Smokers who have the intention of stopping persuaded further that smoking is dangerous. The non-smokers are also convinced that there is no benefit in smoking, but rather it is hazardous to their health. This advertisement will also result in peoples change of attitude towards tobacco use. The regular smokers embrace smoking with a view that it is an essential need. The non-smokers also see smoking as a cultural management norm and just like any other stimulant. A majority of people are not against smoking because they are ignorant of the effects. Information on the advertisement will educate the people on the adverse effects of tobacco use and will consequently change their attitudes. The advertisement will also influence change. Viewers of the image might change their patterns of behavior when it comes to smoking either actively or passively. The advertisement applies stimulation psychological principle of social psychology to impact attitude change, to persuade and to influence. The notice contains a pictorial message that explains the long-term health effects of smoking. This message stimulates a change in peoples behavior by creating awareness, they are encouraged by the advertisement and since they cannot afford to pay the price of ignorance the will result in a change in their behavior. Change in ones behavior will also stimulate a change in anothers behavior since the society influence its members through contact and adoption of patterns of behavior amongst themselves. A change in attitude will affect a change in behavior; their relationship findings are; to encourage or discourage behavior is by changing the attitude that causes them (Ford-Martin, 2017) Behaviorist perspective of motivation. Motivation is the energy that drives one to do or act differently with aggression and more passion (Heffner Heffner, 2017). This perspective has been used to explain why people behave the way they behave; this is usually a persuasion model employed in some sectors such as education and criminology. In education, behaviorist perspective explains how education influence a change in behavior, it is evident that literate people have their way of doing things differently from the illiterate. Their patterns of eating, dressing, talking, walking among others makes the two groups distinct former. This perspective can be used to motivate and influence someones decision to enroll in a university. The field of study is in social works. Autonomy- this is the sense of doing things out of free will, it involves acting out of one's interests, principles, and values. A lecturer can participate in enhancing a students autonomy by letting the student choose on what interests them most freely. In social works some have passions to work with children or the elderly, instead of assigning students to these groups the lecturer should let each student choose where their interest lies, this will improve the overall performance. Competence- refers to the desire to know the outcome. In the case of social work, the lecturer should let the students be part of the result. Being involved in the process will build up the desire to want to know the outcome and the consequences of our actions ("what is self-determination theory? 2017) Relatedness- this is the wish to belong to a group. The need to interact and help people and feeling part of their lives by doing or saying is what relatedness entails. The lecturer should encourage sharing during the social work, also being active for instance donating food and clothing to their groups will enhance interaction, and the students will become satisfied with their actions. It is noted that most teenage girls use the emergency contraceptive pills. They were recommended to change their family planning method to the use of condoms. According to the two-factor theory of motivation, one might not comply with these changes because the condoms cannot be readily available, also because they lack interest in trying them out ("chapter 5: theories of motivation", 2017) Failure of adopting the recommended change will result to replace the approach plan in future. In this case, it can involve creating awareness of the effects of using emergency pills and also providing condoms at their disposal. References Ford-Martin, P. (2017).Psychology Encyclopedia - JRank Articles.Psychology.jrank.org. Retrieved 2 October 2017, from https://psychology.jrank.org/pages/52/Attitude-Behaviour.html Heffner, D., Heffner, D. (2017).Chapter 7: Section 2: Motivation | All Psych.Allpsych.com. Retrieved 2 October 2017, from https://allpsych.com/psychology101/motivation/ What is self-determination theory? (2017).Positive psychology program. Retrieved 2 October 2017, from https://positivepshychologyprogram.com/self-determination-theory/ Chapter 5: theories of motivation. (2017).saylordot. Retrieved 2 October 2017, from https://saylordotorg.github.io/text_organisational-behaviour-v1.1/s09-theories-of-motivation.html Psychotherapy: Understanding group therapy. (2017).American Psychological Association. Retrieved 2 October 2017, from https://www.apa.org/helpcenter/group-therapy.aspx Kathleen, d. (2017).Tommy John surgeries are increasing for youth athletes.Medical News Today. Retrieved 2 October 2017, from https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/296679.php

Qulity Managment Essay Example

Qulity Managment Essay Quality Management for Organizational Excellence Lecture/Presentation Notes By: Dr. David L. Goetsch and Stanley Davis Based on the book Quality Management for Organizational Excellence (7Th Edition) Presented By; Dr. Rania A. M Shamah Associate Professor of Business Administration 1 One: The Total Quality Approach to Quality Management MAJOR TOPICS †¢ What is Quality? †¢ The Total Quality Approach Defined †¢ Two Views of Quality †¢ Key Elements of Total Quality †¢ Total Quality Pioneers †¢ Keys to Total Quality Success †¢ How is Six Sigma Achieved? †¢ The Future of Quality Management 2 One: The Total Quality Approach to Quality Management ? Quality has been defined in a number of ways. ? When viewed from a consumer’s perspective, it means meeting or exceeding customer expectations. ? Quality is a dynamic state associated with products, services, people, processes, and environments that meets or exceeds expectations. ? Total quality is an approach to doing business that attempts to maximize an organization’s competitiveness through the continual improvement of the quality of its ? products, services, people, processes, and environments. 3 The Consequences of Poor Quality Loss of business ? Productivity ? Costs Benefits of Good Quality ? Enhanced reputation for quality ? Ability to command higher prices ? Increased market share ? Greater customer loyalty ? Lower liability costs ? Fewer production or service problems ? Higher profits 4 Responsibility for Quality ? Everyone in the organization has some responsibility for quality, but certain areas of the organization are involved in activities that make them key areas of responsibility. ? Top management ? Design ? Procurement ? Production/operations ? Quality assurance ? Packaging and shipping ? Marketing and sales ? We will write a custom essay sample on Qulity Managment specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Qulity Managment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Qulity Managment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Customer service 5 Costs of Quality ? Failure Costs costs incurred by defective parts/products or faulty services. †¢ Internal Failure Costs †¢ Costs incurred to fix problems that are detected before the product/service is delivered to the customer. †¢ External Failure Costs †¢ All costs incurred to fix problems that are detected after the product/service is delivered to the customer †¢ Appraisal Costs †¢ Costs of activities designed to ensure quality or uncover defects All TQ training, TQ planning, customer assessment, process control, and quality improvement costs to prevent defects from occurring Prevention Costs †¢ 6 Ethics and Quality ? Substandard work †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Defective products Substandard service Poor designs Shoddy workmanship Substandard parts and materials Having knowledge of this and failing to correct and report it in a timely manner is unethical. 7 Total Quality Management T Q M ? A philosophy that invo lves everyone in an organization in a continual effort to improve quality and achieve customer satisfaction. ? Total quality is not just one individual concept. ? It is a number of related concepts pulled together to create a comprehensive approach to doing business. Many people contributed in meaningful ways to the development of the various concepts that are known collectively as total quality TQM Approach 1. Find out what the customer wants 2. Design a product or service that meets or exceeds customer wants 3. Design processes that facilitate doing the job right the first time 4. Keep track of results 5. Extend these concepts throughout the supply chain 8 TQM Elements 1. Continuous improvement 2. Competitive benchmarking 3. Employee empowerment 4. Team approach 5. Decision based on fact, not opinion 6. Knowledge of tools 7. Supplier quality 8. Champion 9. Quality at the source 10. Suppliers are partners in the process 9 Continuous Improvement ? Continuous Improvement †¢ Philosophy that seeks to make never-ending improvements to the process of converting inputs into outputs †¢ Kaizen †¢ Japanese word for continuous improvement. Quality at the Source ? The philosophy of making each worker responsible for the quality of his or her work †¢ â€Å"Do it right† and â€Å"If it isn’t right, fix it† 10 The Total Quality Approach Defined Total Quality: What It Is and How It Is Achieved ? Key characteristics of the total quality approach are as follows: strategically based, customer focus, obsession with quality, scientific approach, long-term commitment, teamwork, employee involvement and empowerment, continual process improvement, Each element is explained on slides (12- 14) ? The rationale for total quality can be found in the need to compete in the global marketplace. ? Countries that are competing successfully in the global marketplace are seeing their quality of living improve. ? Those that cannot are seeing theirs decline. 11 The Total Quality Approach Defined Total Quality: What It Is and How It Is Achieved Key characteristics of the total quality approach are as follows: ? Strategically-based ? Total quality organizations have a comprehensive strategic plan that contains at least the following elements: vision, mission, broad objectives, and activities that must be completed to accomplish the broad objectives. ? The strategic plan for a total quality organization is designed to give it a sustainable competitive advantage in the marketplace. ? Customer Focus ? In a total quality setting, the customer is the driver. This applies to both internal and external customers. ? Obsession with Quality ? This means all personnel at all levels approach all aspects of the job from the perspective of How can we do this better? When an organization is obsessed with quality, good enough is never good enough. 12 The Total Quality Approach Defined Total Quality: What It Is and How It Is Achieved Key characteristics of the total quality approach are as fo llows: ? Scientific Approach ? While it is true that people skills, involvement, and empowerment are important in a total quality setting, they represent only a part of the equation. Another important part of the equation is the use of the scientific approach in structuring work and in decision making and problem solving that relates to the work. ? Long-Term Commitment ? Organizations that implement management innovations after attending short-term seminars often fail in their initial attempt to adopt the total quality approach. ? This is because they approach total quality as just another management innovation rather than as a whole new way of doing business that requires a whole new corporate culture. 13 The Total Quality Approach Defined Total Quality: What It Is and How It Is Achieved ? Teamwork ? Internal competition tends to use energy that should be focused on improving quality, and, in turn, external competitiveness. ? Continual Improvement of Systems ? In order to continually improve the quality of products or services: which is a fundamental goal in a total quality setting. ? It is necessary to continually improve systems. ? Continual Process Improvement ? Products are developed and services are delivered by people using processes within environments (systems). To continually improve the quality of products and services-which is a fundamental goal in a total quality setting- it is necessary to continually improve the processes that make up the organization’s systems. 14 Three-Legged Stool of Total Quality Measures ? Statistical process control ? Benchmarking ? Quality tools People ? Quality is built in ? Quality is expected not inspected ? Employees are empowered Processes ? Continual improvement ? â₠¬Å"Good enough† is never good enough 15 Perceived Quality Word of Mouth Personal Needs Expected Quality Past Experience Quality Dimensions ? ? ? ? ? Reliability Responsiveness Assurance Empathy Tangibles Quality Assessment 1. Expectations exceeded ESPS (Unacceptable Quality) 16 Perceived Quality Defining Quality Quality is Satisfactory.. Dimensions of Quality †¢ Reliability: The ability to Perform promised service dependably and accurately. †¢ Responsiveness: Willingness to help customers and to provide prompt service. †¢ Assurance: The knowledge and courtesy of employees as well as their ability to convey trust and confidence. †¢ Empathy: The provision of caring , individualized attention to customers. Ability to be approachable. †¢ Tangibles: The appearance of Physical facilities equipment, personnel, and ommunication materials.. 17 Quality Gap Model Customer Perceptions Managing the Evidence Communication GAP 4 Customer Satisfaction GAP 5 Customer Expectations Customer / Marketing Research GAP 1 Understanding the Customer Service Delivery Management Perceptions of Customer Expectations Design GAP 2 Conformance GAP 3 Conformance Service Standards Product De sign 18 Customer Satisfaction †¢ All customers want to be satisfied. †¢ Customer loyalty is only due to the lack of a better alternative †¢ Giving customers some extra value will delight them by exceeding their expectations and insure their return 19

Lolita essays

Lolita essays How can someone create a world inside of a world? People of this generation and of generations past have possessed imagination in one form, perhaps two... Words are sometimes hidden by the people who use their imagination. Some (if not most) people are in touch with their imagination. Only but a few people are more in touch with their imagination than reality. Those people usually have a deep and dark hatred for reality. In Reading Lolita in Tehran, Azar Nafisi describes and reflects upon the creation of the other world outside of her room. How can I create this other world outside the room? I have no choice but to appeal once again to your imagination. Lets imagine one of the girls, say Sanaz, leaving my house and let us follow her from there to her final destination. She says her good-byes and puts on her black scarf over her orange shirt and jeans, coiling her scarf around her neck to cover her huge gold earrings. She directs wayward strands of hair under the scarf, puts her notes into her large bag, straps it on over her shoulder and walks out into the hall. She pauses a moment on top of the stairs to put on thin lacy black gloves to hide her nail polish. (26) In this passage, Nafisi is inviting readers to the imaginative part of the brain. That part of the brain is the part of the brain that gives human beings the power to give life and the power to move mountains. Oh, did I mention the power to take the life of another being? The power to, oh, should I say murder?! The last thing a person experiences in life is death. Many people believe in another life after death. The life spent after death is believed to be spent in a place called Heaven or in a place called Hell. Nafisi feels oppressed by the rules and restrictions of the Iranian government. She is searching for a way out. In the end, it does not matter who Nafisi will take down with her. She only knows that s ...

Abu Sayyaf Terrorist Group

The 11th of September will always be remembered in the history of the world. Not only because of the remarkable terrorist attack but because of the changes it has created in the world’s view of terrorism. Terrorism has long been related to bombing of public places or government buildings, kidnapping, and other acts of attacking innocent people. However, the notable 9/11 terrorist attack changed everything. It altered the meaning of terrorism in different contexts. The even also changed the world’s view of security. According to the US government, terrorism is â€Å"a means predominated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by sub national groups or clandestine agents† (About.com, 2008). Another accepted definition on terrorism is   câ€Å"the calculated use of violence or threats of violence to attain goals that are political, religious, or ideological in naturethrough intimidation, coercion, or instilling fear† (Chomsky and Otero, 2003, p.301). In all the definition constructed, it only denotes that terrorism is an act of killing while gravely threatening the innocent people. Around the world, there are various organized groups associated with carrying out terrorism. In the international community, the Al Qaeda is the well known terrorist that designed and executed the 9/11 terrorist attack. The Al Qaeda group was also declared as the notorious enemy of the world. However, aside from Al Qaeda, there are various organizations in different nations operating and employing acts that are causing strife to their government and to the people as well. The Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG) is one of the branded enemies of the international world (Leifer, 2001, p. 48). The Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG) is functioning in the Philippines and had been concluded to have link with the Al Qaeda terrorist group. Origin and objective of the Islamic Separatist Groups The geographic territory of the Philippines is composed mainly of three islands namely; Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao (Brunner, 1999, p.283). The main seat of the government of the Republic of the Philippines is situated in Luzon, particularly in its capital city Manila (Brunner, 1999, p.283). Majority of the Filipino people are Christians. Most Christians occupied Luzon and Visayas while most Muslims occupied the southern part of the country, Mindanao. The government of the Republic of the Philippines had been bothered by the Muslims group seeking for autonomy from the central government. The reason for autonomy was brought by the belief of the Muslims that the economic and humanitarian assistance afforded to them by the central government was not enough. In addition, they believed that the Muslims are given lesser priority in the political participation. For these reasons, Mindanao was never quieted from gun firings and cases of death because the government’s effort to pacify the place was not successful. War against the group and the government was prevalent in Mindanao until the 21st century. At present, Mindanao has been developed and more Christian people are living with Muslims. The group that instigated the separation of the Mindanao from the central government was the Moro national Liberation Front (MNLF) which was established and headed by Nur Misuari in 1971 (Liss). The fundamental objective of the group was the establishment of a separate Moro country. Such country would exist with a democratic form of government which is free and intolerable of being exploited and oppressed by outside force or influence. Minor objective includes the preservation of the culture of the Islamic and the indigenous people. The group was not as strong as expected because another group was formed out of MNLF. Due to internal misunderstanding, the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) deviated from the group of Misuari (Liss). The MILF was headed by Hashim Salamat, an Islamic scholar (Liss). The objective of the MILF was to stress Islamic ideology in their effort to self- determination. However, the two groups employed arms in pursuing their causes that eventually led to several internal wars in Mindanao. The Creation of Abu Sayyaff (ASG) In 1990, another group separated from the MNLF which was named as Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG) (Leifer, 2001, p.49). The ASG was founded by Abduragak Abubakar Janjalani with the aim of fighting the government is a more fundamentalist manner (Public Broadcasting Service, 2008). The group also demands that the seas of Sulu and Celebes be closed against foreign fishermen. In addition, the group objective is the inclusion of Islam in Philippine schools. According to record, Janjalani was trained as a mujahedin and previously studied in Libya and in Saudi Arabia (Public Broadcasting Service, 2008). In addition, he had been fighting against Soviet forces during their occupation in Afghanistan (Public Broadcasting Service, 2008). Notably, the name Abu Sayyaf is an Arabic word which means â€Å"Bearer of Sword† (Leifer, 2001, p.49). The group was able to survive through financial support from Mohammed Jamal Khalifa (Center on Foreign Relations, 2008). Khalifa is a businessman from Suadi Arabia and is the brother-in-law of Osama bin Laden. While the Abu Sayyaf was starting, the group was already recruiting Muslim members. Through Khalifa’s money, Islamic universities and charities were established (Center for Defense Information, 2008). The fundamental teachings were influenced by extremist’s doctrine. One of the known foundation of Khalifa and the Abu Sayyaf group is the International Islamic Relief Organization which is based in Zamboanga (Center for Defense Information, 2008). The underground trainings, guns, basic necessities were all supplied by Khalifa. Eventually the group grew bigger, recruiting even children and women who believed in the Abu Sayyaf’s ideology. Some of its members were a graduate from Mazar-e Sharif, a training ground in Afghanistan. When the group has accumulated strength, they began executing their plots which includes the assassination of the visiting Pope and blowing up airliners containing 12 US civilians (Center for Defense Information, 2008).

Monetary Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Monetary Policy - Essay Example A stock has no maturity date; the investor owns a portion of the business. Financial institutions move money from those with excess to those with shortage through financial instruments. Supply, investors, and demand, entrepreneurs, dictate the terms and conditions of the trades facilitated by the financial institution. Commercial banks, savings banks, formerly savings and loans, thrift institutions, securities traders and investment bankers, finance companies, mutual funds, insurance companies and pension funds all serve as financial institutions, but with differing regulations (Saunders and Cornett, 2007). The History and Current Role of the Federal Reserve System Mayer (2001) defines a central bank as a bank of issue, meaning it creates currency to represent wealth. Many American patriots like Tom Payne and Tom Jefferson thought only state chartered private banks should issue bank notes because governments that can pay bills by printing money generally did so. Money is a commodity, just like bread, eggs and butter. If the supply of money increases without value to back it up, inflation occurs and all prices rise (56). A central bank is a lender of last resort. When all banks clear their transactions through a central bank, the central bank smoothes volatility problems through loans. All banks remain solvent by leaving reserves at the central bank, and then the bank lends money to create more reserves. (57) The central bank regulates financial institutions. (79) In 1791, Alexander Hamilton convinced President George Washington to implement a central bank over the protests of Jefferson and Madison. By 1811, Madison became President and did not renew the charter. The end of the... Mayer (2001) defines a central bank as a bank of issue, meaning it creates currency to represent wealth. Many American patriots like Tom Payne and Tom Jefferson thought the only state chartered private banks should issue bank notes because governments that can pay bills by printing money generally did so. Money is a commodity, just like bread, eggs, and butter. A central bank is a lender of last resort. When all banks clear their transactions through a central bank, the central bank smoothes volatility problems through loans. All banks remain solvent by leaving reserves at the central bank, and then the bank lends money to create more reserves. The central bank regulates financial institutions. (79) In 1791, Alexander Hamilton convinced President George Washington to implement a central bank over the protests of Jefferson and Madison. By 1811, Madison became President and did not renew the charter. The end of the Civil War brought in a new central bank which, too, lasted about 20 yea rs. World War I, 1913, brought the Federal Reserve Act to form a compromised central bank with 12 regional banks. This compromise did not regulate disputes among the banks or with Washington, D.C. (Wells, 2004). As long as the gold standard was in place, the 12 banks could not print more money than was reserved. Friedman states (1994, p.250) â€Å"The 1974 removal of the prohibition against private ownership of gold in the United States was, somewhat paradoxically, a tribute to the end of gold’s monetary role†.

Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 10

Personal Statement Example Plato expected that the ruling class should use its knowledge to make the society better. My consciousness of these basic aspects of education has inspired and directed how I percieve and use my talents and qualities, for personal development and to have a positive impact on my immediate society. At the college level is when I became conscious of the role played by education in my personal and professional developed. I developed a wide readership in philosophy of education with the aim of answering the question of why I was pursuing education apart from the fact that it promised me a comfortable future. As a result of exposure on various theories within philosophy of education, I realized that I could use my interests and abilities as guidance in pursuing education. I have always been conscious of trade offs and opportunity cost whenever I am faced with a situation that requires choice between multiple alternatives. For instance, faced with the dilemma to choose athletics or chess as an extracurricualr I opted for atheltics. I did not just choose atheltics haphazardly, but I realized that school was already too demanding and I needed physcial fitness for my personal health. Athletics could give me the relief from the stresses and pressure of academic work, I could meet perso ns with different interests and I would also boost my health. I have since been a dedicated member of the sprint team. Athletics is very demandind and requires discpline and team work spirit. I have been able to nurture these qualities and am certain that I have made significant progress. I also decided to join the Economics club because it creates the forum for students to disucss not only to expound on issues disucssed in class but also to invite professionals in the Economic field for motivation and advice. The Economics club has allowed me to discover the connection between theory and practice. Through the forums, I have benefitted in undertsanding the economics dynamics at

Culture of American Indians Essay Example for Free

Culture of American Indians Essay In Against the Grain, environmental journalist Richard Manning (2004) argues that notions of class and property are a direct result of the emergence of agricultural civilizations beginning 10,000 years ago. This is because of the social necessities demanded by distribution and storage of surplus. Conversely, he points out the contrastingly egalitarian nature of the hunter-gatherer lifestyles and the deeper social ties which result from cooperative food acquisition. Consider for example, the Plains Indians of North America prior to the arrival of European settlers, who would utilize their knowledge of buffalo movement patterns to haze and herd them, towards a cliff. By diverting the stampede of a large number of animals to their sudden vertical death, they would obtain a caloric pay-off through minimal effort, but â€Å"required social organization and sharing, both of the labor and of the proceeds.† (Manning, 2004; South Dakota State Historical Society Education Kit, 2008) Yet despite this element of uncertainty in hunting and gathering, Richard Steckel notes that towards the end of the 19th century, the Plains Indians were among the tallest people in the world and argues despite the numerous technological and agricultural advances they did not have, they were surprisingly well-nourished compared to whites, indicating that agriculture should not be taken for granted as the sign of social advancement it is purported be, Manning notes that, in the absence of storage means and preservation technologies, it was impossible for the Plains Indians to hoard bison meat. Therefore wealth accumulation was impossible. As such, â€Å"communal feasting became the payoff for social organization,† argues Manning Agriculture on the hand, created social stratification in the form of governance, hierarchy and other institutions necessary for the management of food surplus. Although there is certain room for question to be made about the true egalitarianism of the hunter gatherer cultures of the Plains Indians, they certainly lacked some of the rigidly defined political structures which characterized those belonging to the cultures of Europeans at the point of first contact. Comanche leadership was rather informal, usually identifiable by consensus rather than by any formal nomination to the position and the longevity of a war chiefs authority lasted only as long as they were at war. (Bial, 2000) The Blackfoot people maintained a flexible social structure, a band, which was in constant flux. As such, social relationships were not determined solely by kinship but by residence. In modern times, the case for the difference between hunter-gatherer Native Americans such as the Plains Indians of pre-modern times and the agricultural Native Americans can be observed in the difference between the Inuit peoples, who live a predominantly hunter-gatherer lifestyle out in the Arctic regions (Snow, 1996) and the peoples of the Cherokee and Lakota. The Inuit are noted for their strong sense of community and flexible division of labor among gender lines. The Cherokee and the Lakota, however, have now long been agricultural societies characterized by their class and gender divisions, as well as their contentious disposition towards identity and blood quantum laws. REFERENCES Bial, R. (2000) Lifeways: The Comanche. New York: Benchmark Books. Manning, R. (2004) Against the Grain: How Agriculture Has Hijacked Civilization. New York: North Point Press. â€Å"Buffalo and the Plains Indians.† (2008, April 4) South Dakota State Historical Society Education Kit. Retrieved July 3, 2008 from: http://www.sdhistory.org/mus/ed/Buffalo%20Kit%20Activiteis/Teacher%20Resource.pdf Snow, D. R.. (1996) The first Americans and the differentiation of hunter-gatherer cultures. North America. Eds. Bruce G. Trigger and Wilcomb E. Washburn. Cambridge University Press, 1996.

Technology Helps Sneak Christianity into China :: Christians Religion Essays

Technology Helps Sneak Christianity into China About one out of four people live in China, but until recent technological advances there were very few ways that Christians could get past the Communist government to reach those people with the message of Christ. But through radio, internet and other types of technology, Christianity is growing in China by opening up people's minds to religion and allowing Christians who are there to have access to Christian resources in order to spread the word. Radio can effectively reach people throughout China with the message of Christ. By using shock waves, radio stations set up in countries that surround China can broadcast in China without government limitations on the content of their programming. Some of these radio stations also broadcast throughout the world to reach the many Chinese people outside of China who have not had the opportunity to hear the gospel presented in their language (Lin). "The Back to God Hour" is just one example of how radio is being used to spread Christianity in China. Based in Chicago, IL with an office in Honk Kong, "The Back to God Hour" broadcasts three hours a day around the world with an emphasis on China. Their programs include Christian music, stories with Biblical values, sermons and question and answer time. They receive approximately 300 letters a week from listeners with faith questions (Lin and Back to God Hour Pamphlet). "The Back to God Hour" and radio ministries like it are reaching thousan ds of people in China and throughout the world with the message of hope in Jesus Christ. The Internet is the newest form of technology that is being used to spread Christianity in China. Although the government filters out most Christian web sites, some can still be seen in China. Information is added to the Internet so quickly that they can not filter fast enough. Also, there are people in China who know how to avoid the filters set by the government (Tao). It is important to point out that even though there is some availability to Christian material on the web in China, only 1 percent of the people there have access to the Internet right now. However, this number is doubling every year. In the web page entitled "Incredible Growth in China" it says: "China begins a campaign to bring industries, government offices, and households online as part of a national strategy to make the internet a more powerful engine for growth†¦The official Newspaper China Daily reported, 'Beijing has accepted the fact that there is no way to really control the growth, or the use of the i nternet. Technology Helps Sneak Christianity into China :: Christians Religion Essays Technology Helps Sneak Christianity into China About one out of four people live in China, but until recent technological advances there were very few ways that Christians could get past the Communist government to reach those people with the message of Christ. But through radio, internet and other types of technology, Christianity is growing in China by opening up people's minds to religion and allowing Christians who are there to have access to Christian resources in order to spread the word. Radio can effectively reach people throughout China with the message of Christ. By using shock waves, radio stations set up in countries that surround China can broadcast in China without government limitations on the content of their programming. Some of these radio stations also broadcast throughout the world to reach the many Chinese people outside of China who have not had the opportunity to hear the gospel presented in their language (Lin). "The Back to God Hour" is just one example of how radio is being used to spread Christianity in China. Based in Chicago, IL with an office in Honk Kong, "The Back to God Hour" broadcasts three hours a day around the world with an emphasis on China. Their programs include Christian music, stories with Biblical values, sermons and question and answer time. They receive approximately 300 letters a week from listeners with faith questions (Lin and Back to God Hour Pamphlet). "The Back to God Hour" and radio ministries like it are reaching thousan ds of people in China and throughout the world with the message of hope in Jesus Christ. The Internet is the newest form of technology that is being used to spread Christianity in China. Although the government filters out most Christian web sites, some can still be seen in China. Information is added to the Internet so quickly that they can not filter fast enough. Also, there are people in China who know how to avoid the filters set by the government (Tao). It is important to point out that even though there is some availability to Christian material on the web in China, only 1 percent of the people there have access to the Internet right now. However, this number is doubling every year. In the web page entitled "Incredible Growth in China" it says: "China begins a campaign to bring industries, government offices, and households online as part of a national strategy to make the internet a more powerful engine for growth†¦The official Newspaper China Daily reported, 'Beijing has accepted the fact that there is no way to really control the growth, or the use of the i nternet.

The Significance of the Three Scaffold Scenes in the Scarlet Letter

The scaffold played an important part in identifying the characters of the Scarlet Letter throughout the novel. At each scene, the reader comes to understand something of the main characters and glimpses how that sin represented by the scarlet â€Å"A† has affected them. Hester Prynne, clutching both the living and the imposed () of her sin to her breast, is seen atop the scaffold, sternly looked on by all, but without her lover.She stood there in quiet defiance, refusing to reveal to the multitude before her who the father of her child was, and in this the reader sees a picture of a woman scorned and fearing for the life of herself and her child, but bearing the scrutiny of all with a calm defiance. Nearby, stood Arthur Dimmesdale, asking his secret lover to reveal the name of the father of that child. He did not, at that time, have the strength or the will to do so himself, and was begging Hester to reveal him for what he was.Among the crowd, Roger Chillingworth, Hester†™s wronged husband, adds his voice to the multitude in demanding that Hester reveal her secret. He seems an old, disappointed man, finding that the one he had waited three years to join had, during that time, left him for another. Thereafter, he would pledge to avenge himself of the man that had partnered in wronging him. Late one night, Dimmesdale could have been seen on the scaffold, looking for some peace from the guilt tormenting his mind.His penitence, however, lacked an audience. Here, the reader sees a nearly mad man, too weak to reveal himself for what he really was, but too pious to otherwise ignore it. Hester and Pearl discover him there and join him, acknowledging the bond between the three before none other than themselves. Hester comes to realize the poor state in which Dimmesdale has borne his guilt, and resolves to lend him her strength, which has served to uphold her throughout the years of her public shame.Pearl questions the minister as to whether he would stand with them there noon the next day, but he refuses. Chillingworth discovers the trio atop the scaffold, and any suspicions he harbored of the identity of Pearl’s father is all but confirmed. Finally, again atop the scaffold, Hester again stands before the scrutiny of the town of Boston, but this time with her fellow sinner. Dimmesdale confesses before all his part in Hester’s sin in a final show of strength. There, the minister dies, along with Hester’s dreams of throwing of her public shame.Before his death, however, Pearl acknowledges him as her father with a final kiss and gains her humanity in the sight of the townspeople. His prey having escaped him and lacking another purpose for which to live, Chillingworth shrivels and dies, a mere shell of the man he once was. In each of those scenes revolving around the scaffold, Nathaniel Hawthorne revealed to the reader the state and mentality of the main characters, along with the effects of guilt, bitter revenge, an d an attempt at human penitence rather than repentance.

Exercise 7 Respiratory System Mechanics

EXERCISE 7 Respiratory System Mechanics O B J E C T I V E S 1. To explain how the respiratory and circulatory systems work together to enable gas exchange among the lungs, blood, and body tissues 2. To define respiration, ventilation, alveoli, diaphragm, inspiration, expiration, and partial pressure 3. To explain the differences between tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, vital capacity, residual volume, total lung capacity, forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume, and minute respiratory volume 4. To list various factors that affect respiration 5. To explain how surfactant works in the lungs to promote respiration 6. To explain what happens in pneumothorax 7. To explain how hyperventilation, rebreathing, and breathholding affect respiratory volumes T he physiological functions of respiration and circulation are essential to life. If problems develop in other physiological systems, we can still survive for some time without addressing them. But if a persistent problem develops within the respiratory or circulatory systems, death can ensue within minutes. The primary role of the respiratory system is to distribute oxygen to, and remove carbon dioxide from, the cells of the body. The respiratory system works hand in hand with the circulatory system to achieve this. The term respiration includes breathing—the movement of air in and out of the lungs, also known as ventilation—as well as the transport (via blood) of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and body tissues. The heart pumps deoxygenated blood to pulmonary capillaries, where gas exchange occurs between blood and alveoli (air sacs in the lungs), oxygenating the blood. The heart then pumps the oxygenated blood to body tissues, where oxygen is used for cell metabolism. At the same time, carbon dioxide (a waste product of metabolism) from body tissues diffuses into the blood. The deoxygenated blood then returns to the heart, completing the circuit. Ventilation is the result of muscle contraction. The diaphragm—a domeshaped muscle that divides the thoracic and abdominal cavities—contracts, making the thoracic cavity larger. This reduces the pressure within the thoracic cavity, allowing atmospheric gas to enter the lungs (a process called inspiration). When the diaphragm relaxes, the pressure within the thoracic cavity increases, forcing air out of the lungs (a process called expiration). Inspiration is considered an â€Å"active† process because muscle contraction requires the use of ATP, whereas expiration is usually considered a â€Å"passive† process. When a person is running, however, the external intercostal muscles contract and make the thoracic cavity even larger than with diaphragm contraction alone, and expiration is the result of the internal intercostal muscles contracting. In this case, both inspiration and expiration are considered â€Å"active† processes, since muscle contraction is needed for both. Intercostal muscle contraction works in conjunction with diaphragm muscle contraction. 87 88 Exercise 7 (a) Atmospheric pressure Parietal pleura Thoracic wall Visceral pleura Pleural cavity Transpulmonary pressure 760 mm Hg 756 mm Hg 4 mm Hg 756 760 Intrapleural pressure 756 mm Hg ( 4 mm Hg) Lung Diaphragm Intrapulmonary pressure 760 mm Hg (0 mm Hg) (b) F I G U R E 7 . 1 Respiratory volumes. a) Opening screen of the Respiratory Volumes experiment. (b) Intrapulmonary and intrapleural relationships Respiratory System Mechanics 89 Respiratory Volumes Ventilation is measured as the frequency of breathing multiplied by the volume of each breath, called the tidal volume. Ventilation is needed to maintain oxygen in arterial blood and carbon dioxide in venous blood at their normal levels—that is, at their normal partial pressures. [The term partial pressure refers to the proportion of pressure that a single gas exerts within a mixture. For example, in the atmosphere at sea level, the pressure is 760 mm Hg. Oxygen makes up about 20% of the total atmosphere and therefore has a partial pressure (PO2 ) of 760 mm Hg 20%, close to 160 mm Hg. ] Oxygen diffuses down its partial pressure gradient to flow from the alveoli of the lungs into the blood, where the oxygen attaches to hemoglobin (meanwhile, carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood to the alveoli). The oxygenated blood is then transported to body tissues, where oxygen again diffuses down its partial pressure gradient to leave the blood and enter the tissues. Carbon dioxide (produced by the metabolic reactions of the tissues) diffuses down its partial pressure gradient to flow from the tissues into the blood for transport back to the lungs. Once in the lungs, the carbon dioxide follows its partial pressure gradient to leave the blood and enter the air in the alveoli for export from the body. Normal tidal volume in humans is about 500 milliliters. If one were to breathe in a volume of air equal to the tidal volume and then continue to breathe in as much air as possible, that amount of air (above and beyond the tidal volume) would equal about 3100 milliliters. This amount of air is called the inspiratory reserve volume. If one were to breathe out as much air as possible beyond the normal tidal volume, that amount of air (above and beyond the tidal volume) would equal about 1200 milliliters. This amount of air is called the expiratory reserve volume. Tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and expiratory reserve volume together constitute the vital capacity, about 4800 milliliters. It is important to note that the histological structure of the respiratory tree (where air is found in the lungs) will not allow all air to be breathed out of the lungs. The air remaining in the lungs after a complete exhalation is called the residual volume, normally about 1200 milliliters. Therefore, the total lung capacity (the vital capacity volume plus the residual volume) is approximately 6000 milliliters. All of these volumes (except residual volume) can be easily measured using a spirometer. Basically, a spirometer is composed of an inverted bell in a water tank. A breathing tube is connected to the bell’s interior. On the exterior of the inverted bell is attached a pen device that records respiratory volumes on paper. When one exhales into the breathing tube, the bell goes up and down with exhalation. Everything is calibrated so that respiratory volumes can be read directly from the paper record. The paper moves at a pre-set speed past the recording pen so that volumes per unit time can be easily calculated. In addition to measuring the respiratory volumes introduced so far, the spirometer can also be used to perform pulmonary function tests. One such test is the forced vital capacity (FVC), or the amount of air that can be expelled completely and as rapidly as possible after taking in the deepest possible breath. Another test is the forced expiratory volume (FEV1), which is the percentage of vital capacity that is exhaled during a 1-sec period of the FVC test. This value is generally 75% to 85% of the vital capacity. In the following experiments you will be simulating spirometry and measuring each of these respiratory volumes using a pair of mechanical lungs. Follow the instructions in the Getting Started section at the front of this lab manual to start up PhysioEx. From the drop-down menu, select Exercise 7: Respiratory System Mechanics and click GO. Before you perform the activities watch the Water-Filled Spirometer video to see the experiment performed with a human subject. Then click Respiratory Volumes. You will see the opening screen for the â€Å"Respiratory Volumes† experiment (Figure 7. 1). At the left is a large vessel (simulating the thoracic cavity) containing an air flow tube. This tube looks like an upside-down â€Å"Y. † At the ends of the â€Å"Y† are two spherical containers, simulating the lungs, into which air will flow. On top of the vessel are controls for adjusting the radius of the tube feeding the â€Å"lungs. This tube simulates the trachea and other air passageways into the lungs. Beneath the â€Å"lungs† is a black platform simulating the diaphragm. The â€Å"diaphragm† will move down, simulating contraction and increasing the volume of the â€Å"thoracic cavity† to bring air into the â€Å"lungs†; it will then move up, simulating relaxation and decreasin g the volume of the â€Å"thoracic cavity† to expel air out. At the bottom of the vessel are three buttons: a Start button, an ERV (expiratory reserve volume) button, and an FVC (forced vital capacity) button. Clicking Start will start the simulated lungs breathing at normal tidal volume; clicking ERV will simulate forced exhalation utilizing the contraction of the internal intercostal muscles and abdominal wall muscles; and clicking FVC will cause the lungs to expel the most air possible after taking the deepest possible inhalation. At the top right is an oscilloscope monitor, which will graphically display the respiratory volumes. Note that the Yaxis displays liters instead of milliliters. The X-axis displays elapsed time, with the length of the full monitor displaying 60 seconds. Below the monitor is a series of data displays. A data recording box runs along the bottom length of the screen. Clicking Record Data after an experimental run will record your data for that run on the screen. A C T I V I T Y 1 Trial Run Let’s conduct a trial run to get familiarized with the equipment. 1. Click the Start button (notice that it immediately turns into a Stop button). Watch the trace on the oscilloscope monitor, which currently displays normal tidal volume. Watch the simulated diaphragm rise and fall, and notice the â€Å"lungs† growing larger during inhalation and smaller during exhalation. The Flow display on top of the vessel tells you the amount of air (in liters) being moved in and out of the lungs with each breath. 2. When the trace reaches the right side of the oscilloscope monitor, click the Stop button and then click Record Data. Your data will appear in the data recording box along the bottom of the screen. This line of data tells you a wealth of information about respiratory mechanics. Reading the data from left to right, the first data field should be that of the Radius of the air flow tube (5. 00 mm). The next data field, Flow, displays the total flow volume for this experimental run. T. V. stands for â€Å"Tidal Volume†; E. R. V. for â€Å"Expiratory 90 Exercise 7 Reserve Volume†; I. R. V. for â€Å"Inspiratory Reserve Volume†; R. V. for â€Å"Residual Volume†; V. C. for â€Å"Vital Capacity†; FEV1 for â€Å"Forced Expiratory Volume†; T. L. C. for â€Å"Total Lung Capacity†; and finally, Pump Rate for the number of breaths per minute. 3. You may print your data at any time by clicking Tools at the top of the screen and then Print Data. You may also print the trace on the oscilloscope monitor by clicking Tools and then Print Graph. 4. Highlight the line of data you just recorded by clicking it and then click Delete Line. . Click Clear Tracings at the bottom right of the oscilloscope monitor. You are now ready to begin the first experiment.  ¦ A C T I V I T Y 2 6. Click Clear Tracings before proceeding to the next activity. Do not delete your recorded data—you will need it for the next activity.  ¦ A C T I V I T Y 3 Effect of Restricted Air Flow on Respiratory Volumes 1. Adjust the radius of the air flow tube to 4. 00 mm by clicking the ( ) button next to the radius display. Repeat steps 2–5 from the previous activity, making sure to click Record Data. How does this set of data compare to the data you recorded for Activity 2? The breathing isn't as strong ________________________________________________ the flow and tidal volume have decreased ________________________________________________ Is the respiratory system functioning better or worse than it did in the previous activity? Explain why. functioning worse, it isn't moving as much air or expanding ________________________________________________ the lungs as far because of the decreased space for intake ________________________________________________ and output of air 2. Click Clear Tracings. 3. Reduce the radius of the air flow tube by another 0. 0 mm to 3. 50 mm. 4. Repeat steps 2–6 from Activity 2. 5. Reduce the radius of the air flow tube by another 0. 50 mm to 3. 00 mm. 6. Repeat steps 2–6 from Activity 2. What was the effect of reducing the radius of the air flow tube on respiratory volumes? furthur decrease of flow and tidal volume ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ What does the air flow tube simulate in the human body? trachea ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ Measuring Normal Respiratory Volumes 1. Make sure that the radius of the air flow tube is at 5. 00 mm. To adjust the radius, click the ( ) or ( ) buttons next to the radius display. 2. Click the Start button. Watch the oscilloscope monitor. When the trace reaches the 10-second mark on the monitor, click the ERV button to obtain the expiratory reserve volume. 3. When the trace reaches the 30-second mark on the monitor, click the FVC to obtain the forced vital capacity. 4. Once the trace reaches the end of the screen, click the Stop button, then click Record Data. . Remember, you may print your trace or your recorded data by clicking Tools at the top of the screen and selecting either Print Graph or Print Data. From your recorded data, you can calculate the minute respiratory volume: the amount of air that passes in and out of the lungs in 1 minute. The formula for calculating minute respiratory volume is: Minute respiratory volume tidal volume bpm (breaths per minute) Calculate and en ter the minute respiratory volume: _7,500________ Judging from the trace you generated, inspiration took place over how many seconds? __2 seconds_____________ Expiration took place over how many seconds? What could be some possible causes of reduction in air flow to the lungs? obstruction, inflammation from illness or allergic ________________________________________________ reaction ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ 7. Click Tools > Print Data to print your data. _____2 seconds____________ Does the duration of inspiration or expiration vary during yes ERV or FVC? _____ Respiratory System Mechanics 91 FIGURE 7. 2 Opening screen of the Factors Affecting Respiration experiment. Express your FEV1 data as a percentage of vital capacity by filling out the following chart. (That is, take the FEV1 value and divide it into the vital capacity value for each line of data. ) Factors Affecting Respiration Many factors affect respiration. Compliance, or the ability of the chest wall or lung to distend, is one. If the chest wall or lungs cannot distend, respiratory ability will be compromised. Surfactant, a lipid material secreted into the alveolar fluid, is another. Surfactant acts to decrease the surface tension of water in the fluid that lines the walls of the alveoli. Without surfactant, the surface tension of water would cause alveoli to collapse after each breath. A third factor affecting respiration is any injury to the thoracic wall that results in the wall being punctured. Such a puncture would effectively raise the intrathoracic pressure to that of atmospheric pressure, preventing diaphragm contraction from decreasing intrathoracic pressure and, consequently, preventing air from being drawn into the lungs. Recall that airflow is achieved by the generation of a pressure difference between atmospheric pressure on the outside of the thoracic cavity and intrathoracic pressure on the inside. ) We will be investigating the effect of surfactant in the next activity. Click Experiment at the top of the screen and then select Factors Affecting Respiration. The opening screen will look like Figure 7. 2. Notice the changes to the FEV1 as % of Vital Capacity Radius FEV1 Vital Capacity FEV1 (%) 5. 00 4. 00 3. 50 3. 00 3541 1422 822 436 4791 1962 1150 621 1. 35% 1. 37% 1. 39% 1. 42%  ¦ 92 Exercise 7 quipment above the air flow tube. Clicking the Surfactant button will add a pre-set amount of surfactant to the â€Å"lungs. † Clicking Flush will clear the lungs of surfactant. Also notice that valves have been added to the sides of each simulated lung. Opening the valves will allow atmospheric pressure into the vessel (the â€Å"thoracic cavity†). Finally, notice the changes to the display windows below the oscilloscope screen. Flow Left and Pressure Left refer to the flow of air and pressure in the left â€Å"lung†; Flow Right and Pressure Right refer to the flow of air and pressure in the right â€Å"lung. Total Flow is the sum of Flow Left and Flow Right. A C T I V I T Y 4 3. Click Flush to remove the surfactant from the previous activity. 4. Be sure that the air flow radius is set at 5. 00 mm, and that P ump Rate is set at 15 strokes/minute. 5. Click on Start and allow the trace to sweep the length of the oscilloscope monitor. Notice the pressure displays, and how they alternate between positive and negative values. 6. Click Record Data. Again, this is your baseline data. 7. Now click the valve for the left lung, which currently reads â€Å"Valve closed. † 8. . Click Start and allow the trace to sweep the length of the Click Record Data. oscilloscope monitor. Effect of Surfactant on Respiratory Volumes 1. The data recording box at the bottom of the screen should be clear of data. If not, click Clear Table. 2. The radius of the air flow tube should be set at 5. 00 mm, and the Pump Rate should be set at 15 strokes/minute. 3. Click Start and allow the trace to sweep across the full length of the oscilloscope monitor. Then click Record Data. This will serve as the baseline, or control, for your experimental runs. You may wish to click Tools and then Print Graph for a printout of your trace. 4. Click Surfactant twice to add surfactant to the system. Repeat step 3. When surfactant is added, what happens to the tidal volume? It increases the amount of air being inhaled ________________________________________________ As a result of the tidal volume change, what happens to the flow into each lung and total air flow? ________________________________________________ they all increase Why does this happen? urfactant decreases teh surface tension of water in the ________________________________________________ fluid that lines the walls of the alveoli ________________________________________________ Remember, you may click Tools and then either Print Data or Print Graphs to print your results.  ¦ A C T I V I T Y 5 What happened to the left lung when you clicked on the valve button? Why? The lung deflated due to the change in the intrapleural ________________________________________________ pressure ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ What has happened to the â€Å"Total Flow† rate? t reduced ________________________________________________ by half 0 What is the pressure in the left lung? ___________________ no Has the pressure in the right lung been affected? _________ If there was nothing separating the left lung from the right lung, what would have happened when you opened the valve for the left lung? Why? Both lungs would have collapsed due to pressure ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ Now click the valve for the left lung again, closing it. What happens? Why? nothing , there is excess air remaining in the lung ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ Click Reset (next to the Flush button at the top of the air flow tube). What happened? the lung reinflated ________________________________________________ Describe the relationship required between intrathoracic pressure and atmospheric pressure in order to draw air into the lungs. intrathroacic pressure must be greater or lower than ________________________________________________ atmospheric pressure to draw air in and out of the lungs _______________________________________________ Effect of Thoracic Cavity Puncture Recall that if the wall of the thoracic cavity is punctured, the intrathoracic pressure will equalize with atmospheric pressure so that the lung cannot be inflated. This condition is known as pneumothorax, which we will investigate in this next activity. 1. Do not delete your data from the previous act ivity. 2. If there are any tracings on the oscilloscope monitor, click Clear Tracings. Respiratory System Mechanics 93 FIGURE 7. 3 Opening screen of the Variations in Breathing experiment. Design your own experiment for testing the effect of opening the valve of the right lung. Was there any difference from the effect of opening the valve of the left lung? no ________________________________________________ Remember, you may click Tools and then either Print Data or Print Graphs to print your results.  ¦ Variations in Breathing Normally, alveolar ventilation keeps pace with the needs of body tissues. The adequacy of alveolar ventilation is measured in terms of the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2). Carbon dioxide is the major component for regulating breathing rate. Ventilation (the frequency of breathing multiplied by the tidal volume) maintains the normal partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide both in the lungs and blood. Perfusion, the pulmonary blood flow, is matched to ventilation. The breathing patterns of an individual are tightly regulated by the breathing centers of the brain so that the respiratory and circulatory systems can work together effectively. In the next activity you will examine the effects of rapid breathing, rebreathing, and breathholding on the levels of carbon dioxide in the blood. Rapid breathing increases breathing rate and alveolar ventilation becomes excessive for tissue needs. It results in a decrease in the ratio of carbon dioxide production to alveolar ventilation. Basically, alveolar ventilation becomes too great for the amount of carbon dioxide being produced. In rebreathing, air is taken in that was just expired, so the PCO2 (the partial pressure of carbon dioxide) in the alveolus (and subsequently in the blood) is elevated. In breathholding, there is no ventilation and no gas exchange between the alveolus and the blood. Click Experiment at the top of the screen and select Variations in Breathing. You will see the next screen, shown in Figure 7. 3. This screen is very similar to the ones you have been working on. Notice the buttons for Rapid Breathing, Rebreathing, Breath Holding, and Normal Breathing—clicking each of these buttons will induce the given pattern of breathing. Also note the displays for PCO2, Maximum PCO2, Minimum PCO2, and Pump Rate. 94 Exercise 7 A C T I V I T Y 6 How does the rebreathing trace compare to your baseline trace? (Look carefully—differences may be subtle. ) ________________________________________________ Why? _______________________________________________ ________________________________________________ Click Clear Tracings to clear the oscilloscope monitor.  ¦ A C T I V I T Y 8 Rapid Breathing 1. The oscilloscope monitor and the data recording box should both be empty and clear. If not, click Clear Tracings or Clear Table. 2. The air flow tube radius s hould be set to 5. 00. If not, click the ( ) or ( ) buttons next to the radius display to adjust it. 3. Click Start and conduct a baseline run. Remember to click Record Data at the end of the run. Leave the baseline trace on the oscilloscope monitor. 4. Click Start again, but this time click the Rapid Breathing button when the trace reaches the 10-second mark on the oscilloscope monitor. Observe the PCO2 levels in the display windows. 5. Allow the trace to finish, then click Record Data. What happens to the PCO2 level during rapid breathing? it decreased ________________________________________________ Why? co2 was removed more than during normal breathing ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ Remember, you may click Tools and then either Print Data or Print Graphs to print your results. Click Clear Tracings before continuing to the next activity.  ¦ A C T I V I T Y 7 Breath Holding 1. Click on Start and conduct a baseline run. Remember to click Record Data at the end of the run. Leave the baseline trace on the oscilloscope monitor. 2. Click Start again, but this time click the Breath Holding button when the trace reaches the 10-second mark on the oscilloscope monitor. Observe the PCO2 levels in the display windows. 3. At the 20-second mark, click Normal Breathing and let the trace finish. 4. Click Record Data. What happens to the PCO2 level during breath holding? t rose ________________________________________________ Why? co2 exchange could not take place ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ Rebreathing Repeat Activity 6, except this time click the Rebreathing button instead of the Rapid Breathing button. What happens to the PCO2 level during rebreathing? it increase ____________________________________ ____________ ________________________________________________ Why? there was more co2 in the inhaled air ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ What change was seen when you returned to â€Å"Normal Breathing†? the rate and depth of breathing increased ________________________________________________ ______________________________________________  ¦ Remember, you may print your data or graphs by clicking Tools at the top of the screen and then selecting either Print Data or Print Graph.  ¦ A C T I V I T Y 9 Comparative Spirometry In Activity 1, normal respiratory volumes and capacities are measured. In this activity, you will explore what happens to these values when pathophysiology develops or during episodes of aerobic exercise. Using a water-filled spirometer and knowledge of respiratory mechanics, changes to these values in each condition can be predicted, documented, and explained. Did the total flow change? just a little ________________________________________________ Why? increase pump rate ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ Respiratory System Mechanics 95 FIGURE 7. 4 Opening screen of the Comparative Spirometry experiment. Normal Breathing 1. Click the Experiment menu, and then click Comparative Spirometry. The opening screen will appear in a few seconds (see Figure 7. 4). 2. For the patient’s type of breathing, select the Normal option from the drop-down menu in the Patient Type box. These values will serve as a basis of comparison in the diseased conditions. 3. Select the patient’s breathing pattern as Unforced Breathing from the Breathing Pattern Option box. 4. After these selections are made, click the Start button and watch as the drum starts turning and the spirogram develops on the paper rolling off the drum across the screen, left to right. 5. When half the screen is filled with unforced tidal volumes and the trace has paused, select the Forced Vital Capacity button in the Breathing Pattern Options box. . Click the Start button and trace will continue with the FVC maneuver. The trace ends as the paper rolls to the right edge of the screen. 7. Now click on the individual measure buttons that appear in the data table above each data column to measure the lung volume and lung capacity data. Note that when a measure button is selected, t wo things happen simultaneously: (1) a bracket appears on the spirogram to indicate where that measurement originates on the spirogram and (2) the value in milliliters appears in the data table. Also note that when the FEV1 measure button is selected, the final column labeled FEV1/FVC will be automatically calculated and appear in the data table. The calculation is (FEV1/FVC) 100%, and the result will appear as a percentage in the data table. What do you think is the clinical importance of the FVC and FEV1 values? ________________________________________________ Why do you think the ratio of these two values is important to the clinician when diagnosing respiratory diseases? _______ demonstrates how the lungs are functioning ________________________________________________ FEV1 /FVC 100% 80% ______________________ 96 Exercise 7 Emphysema Breathing In a person with emphysema, there is a significant loss of intrinsic elastic recoil in the lung tissue. This loss of elastic recoil occurs as the disease destroys the walls of the alveoli. Airway resistance is also increased as the lung tissue in general becomes more flimsy and exerts less mechanical tethering on the surrounding airways. Thus the lung becomes overly compliant and expands easily. Conversely, a great effort is required to exhale as the lungs can no longer passively recoil and deflate. A noticeable and exhausting muscular effort is required for each exhalation. Thus a person with emphysema exhales slowly. . Using this information, predict what lung values will change in the spirogram when the patient with emphysema breathing is selected. Assume that significant disease has developed, and thus a loss of elastic recoil has occurred in this patient’s lungs. 2. Select Emphysema from the drop-down menu in the Patient Type box. 3. Select the patient ’s breathing pattern as Unforced Breathing from the Breathing Pattern box. 4. After these selections are made and the existing spirogram screen clears, click the Start button and watch as the drum starts turning and a new spirogram develops on the paper rolling off the drum. . Repeat steps 5–7 of the Normal Breathing section in this activity. 6. Now consider the accuracy of your predictions (what changed versus what you expected to change). Compared to the values for normal breathing: reduced Is the FVC reduced or increased? ______________________ reduced Is the FEV1 reduced or increased? _____________________ fev1 Which of these two changed more? ____________________ Explain the physiological reasons for the lung volumes and capacities that changed in the spirogram for this condition. _______________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ 1. Using this information, predict what lung values will change in the spirogram when the patient who is having an acute asthma attack is selected. Assume that significantly decreased airway radius and increased airway resistance have developed in this patient’s lungs. 2. Select Asthmatic from the drop-down menu in the Patient Type box. 3. Select the patient’s breathing pattern as Unforced Breathing from the Breathing Pattern box. . After these selections are made and the existing spirogram screen clears, click the Start button and watch as the drum starts turning and a new spirogram develops as the paper rolls off the drum. 5. Repeat steps 5–7 of the Normal Breathing section in this activity. 6. Now consider the accuracy of your predictions (what changed versus what you expected to change). Compared to the values for normal breathing: reduced Is the FVC reduced or increased? _____________________ reduced Is the FEV1 reduced or increased? _____________________ fev1 Which of these two changed more? ___ ________________ Explain the physiological reasons for the lung volumes and capacities that changed in the spirogram for this condition. ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ How is this condition similar to having emphysema? How is the fvc is less reduce than emphysema and it different? ______________________________________ the fev1 is more reduced, the fcv/fev1 % is also reduced ________________________________________________ Emphysema and asthma are called obstructive lung diseases as they limit expiratory flow and volume. How would a spirogram look for someone with a restrictive lung disease, such as pulmonary fibrosis? decreased fev1/fev ________________________________________________ What volumes and capacities would change in this case, and would these values be increased or decreased? normal or above normal volume ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ In an acute asthma attack, the compliance of the lung is decreased, not increased as it was for emphysema, and air flows freely through the bronchioles. Therefore, will the FEV1/ FVC percentage be less than normal, equal to normal, or higher higher than normal? ______________________________________ Acute Asthma Attack Breathing During an acute asthma attack, bronchiole smooth muscle will spasm and thus the airways become constricted (that is, they have a reduced diameter). They also become clogged with thick mucous secretions. These two facts lead to significantly increased airway resistance. Underlying these symptoms is an airway inflammatory response brought on by triggers such as allergens (e. g. , dust and pollen), extreme temperature changes, and even exercise. Similar to emphysema, the airways collapse and pinch closed before a forced expiration is completed. Thus the volumes and peak flow rates are significantly reduced during an asthma attack. However, the elastic recoil is not diminished in an acute asthma attack. Respiratory System Mechanics 97 Acute Asthma Attack Breathing with Inhaler Medication Applied When an acute asthma attack occurs, many people seek relief from the symptoms by using an inhaler. This device atomizes the medication and allows for direct application onto the afflicted airways. Usually the medication includes a smooth muscle relaxant (e. . , a beta-2 agonist or an acetylcholine antagonist) that relieves the bronchospasms and induces bronchiole dilation. The medication may also contain an antiinflammatory agent such as a corticosteroid that suppresses the inflammatory response. Airway resistance is reduced by the use of the inhaler. 1. Using this information, predict what lung values will change in the spirogram whe n the patient who is having an acute asthma attack applies the inhaler medication. By how much will the values change (will they return to normal)? 2. Select Plus Inhaler from the drop-down menu in the Patient Type box. 3. Select the patient’s breathing pattern as Unforced Breathing from the Breathing Pattern box. 4. After these selections are made and the existing spirogram screen clears, click the Start button and watch as the drum starts turning and a new spirogram develops as the paper rolls off the drum. 5. Repeat steps 5–7 of the Normal Breathing section. 6. Now consider the accuracy of your predictions (what changed versus what you expected to change). Compared to the values for the patient experiencing asthma symptoms: Has the FVC reduced or increased? Is it â€Å"normal†? ________ no no Has the FEV1 reduced or increased? Is it â€Å"normal†? _______ fev1 Which of these two changed more? ____________________ Explain the physiological reasons for the lung volumes and capacities that changed in the spirogram with the application of the medication. _________________________________ ________________________________________________ How much of an increase in FEV1 do you think is required for it to be considered significantly improved by the not sure medication? _______________________________________ when the feve1 is closer to normal? ________________________________________________ a. In moderate aerobic exercise, which do you predict will rv change more, the ERV or the IRV? _____________________ b. Do you predict that the respiratory rate will change yes significantly in moderate exercise? ____________________ c. Comparing heavy exercise to moderate exercise, what values do you predict will change when the body’s significantly increased metabolic demands are being met by the not sure respi ratory system? _________________________________ ________________________________________________ d. During heavy exercise, what will happen to the lung volumes and capacities that have been considered thus far? hey will increase ________________________________________________ e. yes Will the respiratory rate change? If so, how? _________ 1. Select Moderate Exercise from the drop-down menu in the Patient Type box. The existing spirogram clears. 2. Click the Start button and watch as the drum starts turning and a new spirogram develops. Half of the screen will fill with breathing volumes and capacities for moderate exercise. 3. When the trace pauses, click on the individual measure buttons that appear in the data table above each data column to measure the lung volume and lung capacity data. . Select Heavy Exercise from the drop-down menu in the Patient Type box. 5. Click the Start button and the trace will continue with the breathing pattern for heavy exercise. The trace ends as th e paper rolls to the right-hand edge of the screen. 6. Now click on the individual measure buttons that appear in the data table above each data column to measure the lung volume and lung capacity data. 7. Now consider the accuracy of your predictions (what changed versus what you expected to change). Which volumes changed the most and when? ___________ Compare the respiratory rate during moderate exercise with that seen during heavy exercise. __________________  ¦ Breathing During Exercise During moderate aerobic exercise, the human body has an increased metabolic demand, which is met in part by changes in respiration. During heavy exercise, further changes in respiration are required to meet the extreme metabolic demands of the body. Histology Review Supplement For a review of respiratory tissue, go to Exercise H: Histology Atlas & Review on the PhysioEx website to print out the Respiratory Tissue Review worksheet.

Process of Change Inventory

Process of Change Inventory Introduction Inventory has always been defined as the taking of stock for raw materials, supplier components, and works in process and even finished goods that appear at various points of production and logistics channel. Others define it as the listing of assets or any form of items for formal purposes. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Process of Change Inventory specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Inventory involves several activities which among others include recording of items, time and even costs involved in the management of the listed items. The process of taking inventories involves a cost and that is why several methods of taking inventories exist and people adopt the different methods depending on the processes involved. Process Management problems involve decision making problems. The fact that companies have to acquire, allocate and control the factors of productions brings out the necessity for inventory m anagement. In order to improve the management of a business, sometimes it is necessary to change the inventory method so as to realize what you have not been achieving and the reasons behind. In order to reduce the inventories and thus the costs involved, it should be the role of the company management to ensure that the activities taking place in the business are geared towards achieving and meeting the customer needs without excess stocks being left unused. The process of change of inventory can also be achieved through analysis of all the inventory items involved. With the goods in the inventory being important according to their contribution towards the company goals, the items which generate high returns should be given a higher priority compared to those with low returns. The process of inventory can also be changed by classifying the inventory according to the bulkiness in order to be aware of the transport logistics that may be involved. This is due to the fact that differe nt items require different transport means. The inventory method can also be changed by adapting new, better, and improved demand forecasting methods. Better forecasting methods reduces variability in terms of the expected against actual sales. The management can also introduce inventory management software which, when data is fed to it, can predict all the inventory management that is involved. Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More By managers using this software, they are able to predict easily the fast moving inventories as well as the more profitable items in the company. Finally, the use of postponement methods is another way of improving and changing the inventory method. This process involves modifying or customizing products after the main manufacturing process has been completed then delay the configuration and distribution process to the time when the distribu tion cycle will be favorable. Conclusion When the management decides that the existing inventory method in use is not serving the business right, then a process of changing the inventory begins. From the study we can conclude that the process of inventory change can be brought about by the desire to reduce the inventory so that no excess inventories are left idle. The desire to introduce better forecasting methods in order to ensure the business gains optimally from the inventory is another reason why the inventory process might be changed. Another reason why change of inventory might be necessary is if the business plans to delay the configuration and the distribution process so that to ensure the time for release will be favorable and this can force also the change in the inventory process.

Organisational Change Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 3

Organisational Change Management - Essay Example A company is the life source of the area in which it is situated. For it to attain such a status, the dependability of the people in that area is of paramount import. This is because they are the ones that regulate the performance of the company; whether it will be a profit making enterprise or incur losses (Vakola, 2005). Its manpower is but one prong of development, for there is the management of the company that is to be considered. The management is characterized by the decision makers of the enterprise. This is tiered depending on the level of involvement in the functioning of the company (Alvesson, 2002). Another aspect of D2 as a company is its products and services. This wholly depends on the purpose it sets out to achieve, after analyzing a multitude of factors including the intended competition and the forecasted market forces (Fleming, 2012). This three tier approach at looking at the productiveness of D2 as a company is what leads to a productive company or a loss making enterprise (MARCHINGTON, 2001). Every business venture sets out with one goal in mind, profit making; and to achieve this, careful thought and practice should be put into the company’s framework and proposed forms of implementation (Shuck, 2011). Key among this is the company’s ability to adapt to the changing environment so that is can maintain its status as a going concern. It should be versatile enough to be able to conform to its immediate and portended environment (Beer, 2000). This is the mark of a good company. This is guided by the different and varying economic climates that are common in any field of trade, e.g. inflation, recession and the stabilization of the market (Fleming, 2012). This paper seeks to analyze the likely results of D2’s proposed change as relates to its manufacturers, workforce and product development. It seeks to determine the impact that cutting back and reinventing would have on D2 which is a French car components manufacturing co mpany (Shimon L. Dolan, 2002). Discovery As D2 grows, it would be guided by the objectives it intends to meet as it seeks to maximize profits. These factors include the company’s structure, its competition, its ability to change to reflect the changing economic times, economic climate and its management potential (Handy, 1976). This paper will focus on D2’s ability to change to reflect the changing economic times and the varying economic climate of the economy. Ability to adapt to changing Economic Times D2’s ability to metamorphosize is a very important aspect of the company. This is because it is regulated by its external and internal market forces. These directly influence what state the company will be in when it makes its returns (Fleming, 2012). The company’s ability to change cannot be gainsaid, and it goes to the purpose and strategies employed within the company. It requires a wholesome approach to its portended development for it to successfully adapt to its environment (Md Zabid Abdul Rashid, 2004). Economic Climate The economic climate is the main

The Culture of Laos Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Culture of Laos - Essay Example Culture First of all, religious belief plays a decisive role within the scenario of Lao culture. To be specific, one can easily identify the influence of Buddhism in the culture of Laos. John Holt opines that, â€Å"When writing about Lao culture, however, one also has to take into account that most of the â€Å"ethnic Lao† population, and therefore Lao Buddhism and religious culture, actually resides outside of the current political boundaries of Laos† (9). At the same time, the different elements of culture, like art and literature, are deeply influenced by Theravada Buddhism. Besides, South East Asian conventional way of life still prevails in Laos and the same influence their cultural aspects. The influence of traditional way of life is evident in their food habits. For instance, rice is generally considered as an important food grain in Laos. The people of Laos connect their food habits with their culture because the same is related to their daily life. Physical location One can see that this nation is located within the South Eastern side of Asia. Lydia Laube states that, â€Å"Laos is a landlocked country of 236,800 square kilometres† (1). Some of the important nations in this region share their borders with this nation. To be specific, Laos shares its border with China, an important nation in this area. At the same time, Laos shares her boundary with Burma, a less dominant nation in this area. ... This nation is well known for its conservative measures that protect its natural vegetation. Still, opium production in the border areas is an important problem to be dealt with utmost importance. Population The present population of this nation is above 6 million. One must not misunderstand that most of the people live in big cities. Instead, most of the people live in the valley areas, especially within the banks of the most important river system in Laos, i.e. the River Mekong. Even the capital city (say, named as Vientiane prefecture) of this nation does not face population explosion because its population is below 800000. So one can see that population explosion is not an imminent threat for the people of Laos. Still, this low population is an advantage to the nation because this nation possesses the youngest population in the Asian continent. Religious beliefs The most important religious belief in this nation is Buddhism, especially Theravada Buddhism. To be specific, around 7 0% of the people believe in Theravada Buddhism. Besides, Christianity is less influential among the people in this nation. Still, the core aspects of Hinduism indirectly influence their beliefs because Buddhism originated from this religion. Besides, some people in this nation practice Animism, i.e., the belief that provides importance to the natural phenomena. On the other side, the constitution ensures religious freedom to the citizens. But the Communist/Socialist government provides less importance to religious practices in public. Ethnic groups One among the important ethnic groups in this nation is Lao Loum, who lives in the lowland region. To be specific, this ethnic group gained political and intellectual importance in the society. The origin of this ethnic group is